H5N1

Tonga: Volcanic eruption and tsunami

Via ReliefWeb, a UNICEF news release: Tonga: Volcanic Eruption and Tsunami - Jan 2022. Several others are available on the website. Excerpt:

After weeks of volcanic activity emitting ash, the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano in Tonga erupted violently on 15 January. The eruption is said to be one of the biggest in Tonga in the last 30 years, with satellite imagery indicating a 5 km wide plume of ash, steam, and gas, rising approximately 20 km above the volcano. 

The volcanic eruption generated a 1.2-metre tsunami that crashed ashore in coastal areas of Tonga’s capital, Nuku’alofa. The estimated population within 100 km of the volcano is 76,000 people. [...]  

Tonga has been blanketed by 1-2 cm of volcanic ash, affecting the majority of the country and impacting on water and food supplies. Air quality is also of concern. Power has been disrupted, and communications with Tonga are a challenge as regular phone lines are down, the internet cable from Fiji to Tonga seems to have been damaged, and satellite phones are only working intermittently.  

Alert level 4 remains active for the volcano, meaning that eruption hazards are confined to areas near or around the volcano. 

Tsunami advisory for Notification Zones A, B, C & D: Volcanic eruption near the Tonga Islands. January 15, 2022

Via EmergencyInfoBC: Tsunami Advisory for Notification Zones A, B, C & D: Volcanic Eruption near the Tonga Islands. January 15, 2022. Excerpt:

A volcanic eruption has occurred near the Tonga Islands resulting in a Tsunami Advisory for the north coast and Haida Gwaii, the central coast and northeast Vancouver Island, the outer west coast of Vancouver Island, the Juan de Fuca Strait coast.  

Preliminary Parameters  

The following parameters are based on a rapid preliminary assessment and changes may occur.  

• Event: Volcanic Eruption  

• Depth: 1 mile  

• Location: Tonga Islands  

• Origin Time: 2027  PST Jan 14 2022  

• Coordinates: 20.5 South 175.4 West  

Notification Zones:  

This Tsunami Advisory includes the following zones of coastal British Columbia:  

• Zone A: the North Coast and Haida Gwaii.  

• Zone B: the Central Coast and Northeast Vancouver Island Coast, including Kitimat, Bella Coola and Port Hardy.  

• Zone C: the Outer West Coast of Vancouver Island from Cape Scott to Port Renfrew.  

• Zone D: the Juan de Fuca Strait from Jordan River to Greater Victoria, including the Saanich Peninsula.  

Forecast of Wave Activity Arrival Times:  

• Langara: 0830  PST Jan 15  

• Tofino: 0850  PST Jan 15  

Recommended Actions:  

People in coastal areas that are at risk are advised to stay away from the shoreline and heed instructions from local authorities. If you are in a tsunami advisory area:  

• Do not go to the shore to observe the tsunami.  

• Move out of the water, off the beach, and away from harbours, marinas, breakwaters, bays and inlets.  

• Be alert to and follow instructions from your local emergency officials because they may have more detailed or specific information for your location.  

• Do not return to the coast until local emergency officials indicate it is safe to do so.  

• Boat operators: where time and conditions permit, move your boat out to sea to a depth of at least 180 feet; if at sea avoid entering shallow water, harbors, marinas, bays, and inlets to avoid floating and submerged debris and strong currents.

Nyiragongo volcano: The situation is increasingly stabilizing

Via Radio Okapi: Nyiragongo volcano: the situation is increasingly stabilizing. The Google translation:

The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano stopped 1.5 km from Goma airport on Sunday, May 23. The lava fire has also diminished considerably. The situation is stabilizing more and more, assured the scientific director of the Volcanological Observatory of Goma (OVG), Kasereka Mahinda, speaking in a special program on the local RTNC at 5:00 am. 

 Goma is safe unless there is another explosion along the cracks. The lava flow is already starting to cool down at Buhené. 

 However, there is some lateral expansion of the lava flow in the built-up area in front of the airport. 

Earthquakes also continue, which implies the need for sustained vigilance. 

They walked all night ... 

The inhabitants of Goma, who had fled to Rwanda, are beginning to gradually return to their neighborhoods for some. They were around five thousand who managed to cross the night after 9 pm to Gisenyi in Rwanda from two border posts including the large and small barrier, according to the authorities of this country. These two posts were opened later after thousands of Goma residents gathered at the border demanding to cross.  

In Goma, a large part of the population spent the night under the stars, in front of the shops, arteries for those who could not reach Sake or cross the border into Rwanda. Others walked all night with the children to seek shelter in the more or less secure neighborhoods west of the city. We could also observe the wires of the tanker trucks which evacuated fuel from the service stations located north and downtown to the western districts. 

In addition, several shots rang out at night towards the Virunga district precisely at the central prison of Munzenze, where the detainees were demonstrating to demand their evacuation. 

At 7 p.m. local time on Saturday, the Nyiragongo volcano erupted, the military governor of North Kivu confirmed on RTNC. 

From the first minutes of this volcano eruption, a MONUSCO helicopter was launched in reconnaissance on the volcanic site. The device did confirm that the eruption activity emanated from Mount Nyiragongo. As a result, the city of Goma and its surroundings are safe.  

In a brief message, Lieutenant General Constant Ndima called on the population for calm and to follow the guidelines of the civil protection services and the police according to the contingency plan in force. 

The last volcanic eruption in Nyiragongo was on January 17, 2002. More than 100 people were killed. Lava had flowed until it reached a large part of the city of Goma and the airport. An eruption occurred in 1997, killing more than 600 people.

Iceland: Volcanic eruption at Fagradalsfjall

Google Maps

Via mbl.is: Volcanic eruption at Fagradalsfjall. The Google translation:

An eruption has begun at Fagradalsfjall. This is confirmed by the meteorologist on duty at the Icelandic Meteorological Office in a conversation with mbl.is. 

In direct flow from the generated machine- directed over the Reykjanes can distinguish red sky over Fagridalur mount. 

Air traffic color code is now red. The Coast Guard's helicopter is on its way to the air, but it will carry two scientists, according to an information officer. 

It is important that people keep quiet 

"A coordination center has been activated and the situation is being assessed. It is very important that people keep quiet, just watch the news on TV now while this is starting and this is being managed, "says Davíð Már Bjarnason, Landsbjörg's information representative, in a conversation with mbl.is about preparedness the rescue squads. 

"All the main roads in the area have been closed so that people do not get terribly close. It is important that people take a break during the first hours and then people will be able to see this when the time comes," he adds.

Philippines: Ghost towns around Taal as frightened thousands flee volcano

Via ABS-CBN News: Ghost towns around Taal as frightened thousands flee volcano. Excerpt:

TALISAY, Batangas -- An ashen beach and toppled trees were all that remained of a popular wedding venue a short boat ride from Taal, one of many areas transformed into ghost towns overnight as thousands fled the volcano's wrath. 

Roads were shrouded in thick gray smoke as evacuees, their heads wrapped in cloth, clambered onto pickup trucks. Markets and offices in city centers were shut with a "hazardous" eruption possible, according to authorities.  

Rains were expected in the ash-covered provinces of Batangas, Cavite, and Laguna, threatening to turn the debris into mud. A state of calamity was declared in Batangas, which will allow authorities there to tap emergency funds and freeze prices of basic goods. 

The ash clouds from Sunday's eruption prompted the overnight closure of Manila's main airport, where some 240 flights were canceled. It reopened at noon with ashfall seen to shift to Quezon province. 

"You could not sleep anymore, because every time you closed your eyes the house would shake," restaurant owner Lia Monteverde told AFP, describing the earthquakes that followed the eruption. 

"All of us didn't sleep at all. We just prepared to leave."  

At Balai Isabel, the popular wedding events venue, ash-covered the beachfront while tires of parked cars and SUVs were caked in mud.

Philippines: Ash blanket stalls travel, markets as thousands flee rumbling Taal

Via ABS-CBN News: Ash blanket stalls travel, markets as thousands flee rumbling Taal. Click or tap through for a video.

TAGAYTAY CITY -- (UPDATE) Gray ash from Taal Volcano blanketed large parts of Southern Luzon and Metro Manila on Monday, shutting the country's main airport overnight, prompting a health advisory, and forcing thousands to flee as authorities kept vigil for a possible hazardous eruption.  

The Ninoy Aquino International Airport reopened for departures at 10 a.m. and arrivals at 12 p.m., aviation authorities said as they managed a throng of passengers at the terminal. 

Relief workers trudged through ash-covered roads with their headlights on at dawn in Agoncillo, Batangas. In the capital, people lined up for face masks, some at 8 times the retail price as they cleaned ash-covered cars and roofs.  

Taal spewed lava on Monday, a day after it blew ash and steam into the air. Alert Level 4, the second-highest in a 5-step scale, was raised, meaning a "hazardous" eruption was possible in days. 

"Napakabilis ng pagbabago ng kanyang kundisyon (The condition is changing very rapidly)," said Phivolcs Director Renato Solidum. 

In a "worst case scenario," Solidum told DZMM that magma could come out of the volcano as it shoots ash and rocks into the air.

Located in the middle of a picturesque lake that straddles the tourist city of Tagaytay and a heritage town of the same name, Taal's last eruption was in 1977, Solidum earlier said.  

Inhaling ash could lead to cough and difficulty and breathing. It could also irritate the eyes, the Department of Health said. The public was also warned about the possibility of roofs caving in due to accumulated ash.

Whakaari / White Island rescue: Tourists were screaming, others were in shock - witness

Via RNZ News: Whakaari / White Island rescue: Tourists were screaming, others were in shock - witness. Excerpt:

Police do not believe there are any survivors on Whakaari / White Island, as eight people are confirmed missing after yesterday's eruption. 

Waikato Police Superintendent Bruce Bird said eight people were missing; 47 people went on to the island, five are confirmed dead, 31 are in hospital and three have been discharged. 

Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern praised the efforts of the local community in a press conference this morning. 

Two private helicopters were able to land and rescue survivors along with a volcanic air helicopter. There was another helicopter in the vicinity that was unable to land.  

One Westpac helicopter landed on the island and was able to transport survivors back to the mainland.  

"In the immediate aftermath a number of helicopters made a deliberate decision to fly to rescue the survivors."  

"I want to thank the courageous decision made by first responders and those pilots in their immediate rescue effort made an incredibly brave decision under extraordinarily dangerous circumstances in an attempt to get people out," Ardern said. 

"As a results of their efforts, a number of people were rescued from the island." 

A tourist boat also travelled to the island and rescued people stranded on the jetty at White Island.

Passenger Michael Shade told the Guardian the skipper of the boat had put on speed to get away from the volcano, but after the smoke cleared they could see a crowd of people and decided to return. 

He said some of the tourists were screaming and others were in shock. 

"Some people had pockets of burns, other people were fine, and others were really rough," he told the Guardian. 

Halfway back to mainland, a coastguard vessel met the boat and paramedics came on board.  

Westpac Rescue Helicopter senior pilot James Taylor said two helicopters joined the rescue operation and a third was used to transport blood from the Auckland blood bank down to Whakatāne and was later used to move patients between hospitals. 

He said the biggest concern was whether it was a one-off event or there would be another eruption.  

"The crews planned quite carefully where they thought the safest place on the island was, as far away from the crater as possible and upwind of any ash or debris," he told Nine to Noon. 

"They had to consider it quite carefully to balance the risk to the crews and helicopters against the benefit of helping any potential casualties," Mr Taylor said.

Why White Island erupted and why there was no warning

Via The Conversation: Why White Island erupted and why there was no warning. Click or tap through for the full article, photos, and a video. Excerpt:

Five people have been confirmed dead, 18 have been rescued and are injured, some seriously, and several remain unaccounted for after a sudden volcanic eruption on Whakaari/White Island off the east coast of New Zealand.  

The island is a tourist destination and around 50 people were on it when it erupted on Monday afternoon. Volcanologists at GeoNet, which operates a geological hazard monitoring system, described the eruption as impulsive and short-lived, with an ash plume that rose to more than three kilometres above the vent. 

Volcanic hazards 

White Island is one of several volcanoes in New Zealand that can produce sudden explosive eruptions at any time. In this case, magma is shallow, and the heat and gases affect surface and ground water to form vigorous hydrothermal systems. 

In these, water is trapped in pores of rocks in a super-heated state. Any external process, such as an earthquake, gas input from below, or even a change in the lake water level can tip this delicate balance and release the pressure on the hot and trapped water. 

The resulting steam-driven eruption, also called a hydrothermal or phreatic eruption, can happen suddenly and with little to no warning. The expansion of water into steam is supersonic in speed and the liquid can expand to 1,700 times its original volume. This produces catastrophic impacts.  

The expansion energy is enough to shatter solid rock, excavate craters and eject rock fragments and ash out to hundreds of metres away from the vent. We know of sites in New Zealand where material has been blasted out over three kilometres from the vent by such eruptions. 

Potential for further eruptions 

The hazards expected from steam-driven eruptions are violent ejections of hot blocks and ash, and the formation of “hurricane-like” currents of wet ash and coarse particles that radiate from the explosion vent. These can be deadly in terms of impact trauma, burns and respiratory injuries.  

The eruptions are short-lived, but once one happens, there is a high chance for further, generally smaller ones as the system re-equilibrates. White Island is an acute location for such activity, but it is not the only location in New Zealand where this can happen.

Indonesia orders flights to steer clear of erupting Anak Krakatau volcano

Via Thomson Reuters: Indonesia orders flights to steer clear of erupting Anak Krakatau volcano. Excerpt:

Indonesia on Thursday raised the alert level for the erupting Anak Krakatau volcano to the second-highest, and ordered all flights to steer clear, days after it triggered a tsunami that killed at least 430 people. 

A crater collapse on the volcanic island at high tide on Saturday sent waves up to 5 metres (16 feet) high smashing into the coast on the Sunda Strait, between the islands of Java and Sumatra. 

Authorities have warned that the crater of Anak Krakatau, or child of Krakatau, remains fragile, raising fears of another collapse and tsunami, and have urged residents to stay away from the coast.  

The volcano has been rumbling on and off since June but has been particularly active since Sunday, spewing lava and rocks, and sending huge clouds of ash up to 3,000 metres into heavily overcast skies.  

The national geological agency, in raising the alert level to the second-highest, set a 5-km exclusion zone around the island. 

"Since December 23, activity has not stopped ... We anticipate a further escalation," said Antonius Ratdomopurbo, secretary of the geological agency. 

A thin layer of volcanic ash has been settling on buildings, vehicles and vegetation along the west coast of Java since late on Wednesday, according to images shared by the national disaster mitigation agency. 

Authorities said the ash was not dangerous, but advised residents to wear masks and goggles when outside, while aircraft were ordered away.  

"All flights are rerouted due to Krakatau volcano ash on red alert," Indonesia's air traffic control agency AirNav said in a release.

Indonesia tsunami: Coastline still under threat amid fresh volcanic activity

Via The Guardian: Indonesia tsunami: coastline still under threat amid fresh volcanic activity. Excerpt:

The Indonesia authorities have warned that the tsunami-ravaged coast of western Java could be hit by further dangerous waves as volcanic activity continued in the area.  

Indonesia’s meteorology, climatology, and geophysical agency said that a new tsunami could arrive soon in the area around the Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait. A 2km exclusion zone has been set up around the volcano.

Saturday’s tsunami was caused by land shifting on Anak Krakatau, which was still spewing ash on Tuesday as heavy rain fell in the area. 

Dwikorita Karnawati, head of the agency, said: “All these conditions could potentially cause landslides at the cliffs of the crater into the sea, and we fear that that could trigger a tsunami.” 

She added that the authorities hoped to be able to inform the public about unusual activity related to the volcano, unlike ahead of Saturday night’s tsunami. 

“We have developed a monitoring system focused specifically on the volcanic tremors at Anak Krakatau so that we can issue early warnings,” she said. 

Beaches were largely empty in the hard-hit area of Carita on Wednesday, and police patrolled the area on motorbikes warning people to stay away from the coast. Some people defied the order, returning to what was left of their homes to begin cleaning up as heavy rain fell and waves pounded the shore. 

The number of dead has now reached 430. The figure may rise significantly with 159 people still reported as missing on Wednesday. Almost 1,500 people were reported injured, with 21,991 displaced from their homes.